X‑Ray Diffraction (XRD)

X-ray diffraction (XRD) uses X-rays to analyze the crystal structure of materials by studying how the rays are scattered by the atoms. This provides precise information about the arrangement of atoms and the phases present in a material.

In materials science, XRD is used to identify crystalline phases in metals, ceramics, or semiconductors, which is crucial for developing materials with specific properties, such as high strength or electrical conductivity.

The technique is especially useful in the production of battery materials, catalysts, or advanced alloys, where the structure directly affects the material’s performance.